2022 Grid Energy Storage Technology Cost and
The 2022 Cost and Performance Assessment provides the levelized cost of storage (LCOS). The two metrics determine the average price that a unit
Non-battery systems, on the other hand, range considerably more depending on duration. Looking at 100 MW systems, at a 2-hour duration, gravity-based energy storage is estimated to be over $1,100/kWh but drops to approximately $200/kWh at 100 hours.
The 2020 Cost and Performance Assessment provided installed costs for six energy storage technologies: lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid batteries, vanadium redox flow batteries, pumped storage hydro, compressed-air energy storage, and hydrogen energy storage.
The cost categories used in the report extend across all energy storage technologies to allow ease of data comparison. Direct costs correspond to equipment capital and installation, while indirect costs include EPC fee and project development, which include permitting, preliminary engineering design, and the owner's engineer and financing costs.
A truckload can fit approximately 18 tons of battery modules. Transportation costs from site to recycler vary by distance from $1,000–$2,000 ($0.45–$0.90 per pound) regionally up to $8,000–$10,000 ($3.60-$4.50 per pound) per truckload for transportation across the continental United States. There is lack of experience in end-of-life issues in ESSs.
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